Reference Links to Website:

Maps of Sudan:

Reference Links to Website:

http://reference.allrefer.com/country-guide-study/sudan

A comprehensive country study and guide reference outlining a Sudanese country profile, history from Neolithic times to present day, current descriptions of society and environment, economy, government and political institutions, and national security.

http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/su.html

A country profile of Sudan from the CIA World Factbook. This site provides information on Sudan at a glance, including statistics on aspects of Sudanese geography, people, government, economy, communications, transportation, military, and transnational issues.

http://www.unmis.org

The United Nations Mission in Sudan homepage. This site provides updated reports on current situations in the Sudan, including the conflict in Darfur and the CPA Monitor Report. The site also provides historical information and access to UN documents and peace agreements.

http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5424.htm

A background note on Sudan from the Bureau of African Affairs at the U.S. Department of State. This site provides general information on Sudan’s geography, people, government, economy, history since independence, current problems, government and political conditions, defense, foreign relations, and relations with the United States.

http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?l=1&id=1230

Information on the Sudan from the International Crisis Group, including detailed history, links to recent reports and briefings, and a link to the ICG crisis in Darfur campaign page.

Cities, Towns, & Regions

Regions

Ash Shamālīyah

Nahr An Nīl

Al Bahr Al Ahmar

Shamāl Dārfūr

Gharb Dārfūr

Janūb Dārfūr

Shamāl Kurdufān

Gharb Kurdufān

Janūb Kurdufān

Al Wahdah

Shamāl Bahr Al Ghazāl

Gharb Bahr Al Ghazāl

Warab

Bharb Al Istiwā’īyah

Bahr Al Jabal

Al Buhayrāt

Junqalī

Sharq Al Istiwā’īyah

A’Ālī An Nīl (Upper Nile)

An Nīl Al Azraq

Sinnār

Al Jazīrah

An Nīl Al Abyad

Al Qadārif

Kassalā

Al Khartūm

(from CIA: A’ali an Nil, Al Bahr al Ahmar, Al Buhayrat, Al Jazirah, Al Khartum, Al Qadarif, Al Wahdah, An Nil al Abyad, An Nil al Azraq, Ash Shamaliyah, Bahr al Jabal, Gharb al Istiwa’iyah, Bharb Bahr al Ghazal, Gharb Darfur, Gharb Kurdufan, Janub Darfur, Janub Kurdufan, Junqali, Kassala, Nahr an Nil, Shamal Bahr al Ghazal, Shamal Darfur, Shamal Kurdufan, Sharq al Istiwa’iyah, Sinnar, Warab)

Neighboring Countries

Central African Republic

Chad

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Egypt

Eritrea

Ethiopia

Kenya

Libya

Uganda

Major Cities

Khartoum

Omdurman

Port Sudan

Kassala

Kosti

Juba

Dunqunāb

Sawākin

Tawkar

Hayya

Ad Dāmir

‘Atbarah

Dunqulah

Kuraymah

Wādī Halfā

Al Fāshir

Al Junaynah

Nyala

Uwayl

Wāw

Warab

Yambio

Rumbek

Yei

Nimule

Kapoeta

Bor

Junqalī

Bentiu

Pibor Post

Nāsir

Malakāl

Babanūsah

An Nuhūd

Al Ubayyid

Kāduqlī

Kurmuk

Ar Rank

Al Jabalayn

Rabak

Kūstī

Ad Duwaym

Jabal al Awliya

Ad Damazin

Sinjah

Sannār

Wad Madanī

Al Qadārif

Halfā’ Dughaym

Geographic Features

Rivers

Nile River

Blue Nile

White Nile

Wādī Amūr

Nahr ‘Atbarah

Nahr ad Dindar

Nahr Subāt

Pibor

Lotilla

Kangen

Bahr al Jabal

Bahr al Ghazāl

Nahr al Jūr

Bahr al ‘Arab

Ākobo Wenz

Atbara

Lakes

Lake Nubia

Mountains

Nuba Mountains

Other

Libyan Desert

Marra Plateau

Nubian Desert

Red Sea

Roseires Dam

Acronyms

AACC All African Conference of Churches

AC Advisory Council

ACNS Advisory Council for Northern Sudan

ABC Abyei Boundary Commission

AD Asmara Declaration

ADE African Declaration on Elections

AEC Assessment and Evaluation Commission

ALF Azania Liberation Front

AMIS African Mission in Sudan

ANAF Anya-Nya Armed Forces

AU African Union

BC Beha Congress

BGG Bahr el Ghazal Group, SPLM

BNCF Blue Nile Citizens Front

CBTF Capacity Building Trust Fund

CCSS Coordinating Council for the Southern States

CMA Civil/Military Administrator

CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement

CPS Communist Party of Sudan

CPMT Civilian Protection Monitoring Team (one of Danforth’s tests for peace)

CSIS Center for Strategic and International Studies

DDR Disarmament, demobilization, and rehabilitation process

DOP Declaration of Principles (1994)

DUP Democratic Unionist Party

EC Equatorial Corps

EDF Equatoria Defense Force

EP Equatorial Province

FASA Framework Agreement on Security Arrangements

FNIF Fundamentalist National Islamic Front

GOS Government of Sudan

GOSS Government of South Sudan

GNU Government of National Unity

HEC High Executive Council, Regional Government, South Sudan

IC Independent Commissions

ICF Islamic Charter Front

IDP Internally displaced person

IEC Independent Electoral Commission

IMF International Monetary Fund

IGAD Inter-Governmental Authority on Development

IGADD Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development

IPF IGAD Partners Forum

JAM Joint Assessment Mission of UN and World Bank

JDB Joint Defense Board

JEM Justice and Equality Movement

JIU Joint/Integrated Units (service arms)

JMC Joint Military Command (NDA)

JNTT Joint National Transition Team (first formal joint national entity acceptable to both the North and the South)

KDD Koka Dam Declaration

KDPA Koka Dam Provisions

KPA Khartoum Peace Agreement

KRTC Khartoum Round Table Conference

LAS League of Arab States

LC Leadership Council (NDA)

LFA Land Freedom Army

MOU Memorandum of Understanding (October 15, 2002)

NC National Congress

NCC National Constitutional Conference

NCP National Congress Party (formerly the NIF)

NDA National Democratic Alliance

NDC National Defense Council

NIF National Islamic Front

NLC National Land Commission

NPC National Popular Congress

NSCC New Sudan Council of Churches

NTNG New Transitional Central Government

NUP National Unionist Party

OAU Organization of African Unity

OIC Organization of the Islamic Conference

OLS Operation Lifeline Sudan

PAC Pan-African Congress

PDF Popular Defense Force

PDP People’s Democratic Party

PNC Popular National Congress

PPP People’s Progressive Party

PRA People’s Regional Assembly

RCC Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation

RTC Round Table Conference on South Sudan Conflict, 1965

SAC Sudan African Congress

SACDNU Sudan African Closed Districts National Union

SAF Sudanese Armed Forces

SALF Sudan African Liberation Front

SANU Sudan African National Union

SAPCO Sudan African People’s Congress Organization

SCC Sudan Council of Churches

SCP Sudanese Communist Party (1944)

SF Southern Front

SFP Sudan Federal Party

SLA Sudan Liberation Army

SLM Sudan Liberation Movement

SNAF Sudan’s National Armed Forces

SPAF Sudanese People’s Armed Forces

SPDF Sudan People’s Democratic Front

SPLA Sudan People’s Liberation Army

SPLM Sudan People’s Liberation Movement

SPLM/A Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army

SRC Special Referendum Commission

SSDF Southern Sudanese Defense Forces

SSIA South Sudanese Independence Army

SSIG South Sudan Independence Group

SSIM South Sudan Independence Movement

SSIM/A South Sudan Independence Movement/Army

SSLA South Sudan Liberation Army

SSLM South Sudan Liberation Movement

SSPA Southern Sudanese Political Association

SSU Sudan Socialist Union

SSUM South Sudan Unity Movement

TMC Transitional Military Council

TNA Transitional National Assembly

UDSF United Democratic Salvation Front

UMC United Military Command

UN United Nations

UNCHR United Nations Commission on Human Rights

UNDP United Nations Development Program

UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

UNMIS United Nations Mission in Sudan

USAID United States Agency for International Development

USAP Union of Sudan African Parties

WFP World Food Program

Indigenous Groups

Ethnic Groups

Arab Muslims (Northern Region)

African Christians (Southern Region)

Hamitic Beja

Kababish (northern Kordofan)

Ja’alin

Shaigiyya

Baggara (Kordofan and Darfur)

Nubian (northern Nile area)

Dinka

Shilluk

Nuer

Azande

Bor

Jo Luo

Acholi

Lotuhu

Jamala

Fertit

Murle

Equatorian

Religious Orders

Islam (official religion)

Sunni Muslim

Christianity – Roman Catholic, Anglican, Coptic, Greek Orthodox

Indigenous Nilotic religions

Other indigenous faiths

Political, Military & Civil Society Organizations

Arab League the League of Arab States; association of independent countries (including Sudan) dedicated to strengthening ties between member states and promoting common interests

Baath secular political party from the North; sided w/Baath party in Iraq, support unification of Sudan with Libya or Egypt

Boyya militia formed in Equatoria as means of defense against SPLM/A; also known as Taposa militia

Didinga militia formed in Equatoria as means of defense against SPLM/A

Islamic Charter Front 1974, political arm of the Muslim Brotherhood

Mobile Forces Group part of the SSDF; formed at Juba Conference in April 2001

Mundari Forces militia which is part of SSDF, signed formal agreement with GOS, led by Kelement Wani; self-defense organization but now major component of SSDF and critical to defense of Juba

Muslim Brotherhood Islamist activist movement

National Congress Party ruling party

National Front formed in 1974; conservative opposition to Nimeiri, dissolved 1977

Organization of the Islamic Conference inter-governmental organization with permanent delegation to the UN, representing 56 Islamic nations dedicated to serving the interests of the world’s Muslims

Republican Brothers religious party from the 1980s, created by Mahmud Muhammad Taha

Southern Coordinating Council always been headed by a Nuer with an Equatorian deputy; focal point for Khartoum-based southern politicians and chairman Riek Gai

Southern Regional Assembly elected assembly created under the 1972 Addis Ababa accords to govern southern Sudan

Southern Sudanese Political Assoc. civilian cabinet created by TMC but failed

Umma Party

Major Personages

Ahmed, Khidir Haroun vacant [Ambassador to the US from 2001]

Akol, Lam Foreign Minister; a Shilluk; part of SPLM/A-United with Machar in 1991

Al-Bashir, Omar Hassan Ahmed President of Sudan, overthrows Sadiq 1989; also spelled “Beshir”

Al Mahdi, Sadiq head of Umma party; forms coalition gov’t in 1986 with DUP and NIF; again in 1988, new coalition 1989

Al-Marghani, Mohamed Osman president of the NDA; exiled opposition chief

Amum, Pagan General Secretary of the NDA of Sudan

Anour, El Tom commander of the Bahr El Ghazal Military Area of SSDF Military High Command; major general in the Sudanese army

Arman, Yassir spokesperson for the SPLM

Arok, Aron Thon formed the Bor Group

Bihl, Tito former deputy to Taban Deng, lead SSIM party

Dhahab, Abd ar Rahman Siwar adh overthrew Nimeiri 1985; sets up TMC to rule

Deng, Francis grandson of former chief of Ngok Dinka in Abyei region

Deng, Gatluak elected Chief of Staff of SSDF; confidant of Paulino Matiep; organized the Juba conference

Deng, Taban candidate for the oil-rich Unity State, affiliated with Riek Machar

Doc, Gabriel Yoal one of leaders of SSLM

Duany, Michael Wal American citizen and professor of political science at Indiana University; leader of SSLM

Gadet, Peter most active commander under Paulino Matiep in SSUM until May 2003

Gai, Riek former chairman of the Southern Coordinating Council, a body created to administer areas under its control in the South; member of the ruling National Congress Party

Gai, Taban Deng SPLM commander; government claimed to be working with him in 2005 but he denied it, accusing the gov’t of being responsible for the attack on Akobo

Garang, John chairman of the SPLM/A (deceased)

Gatduel, James first deputy of SSUM

Gatwich, Simon Nuer area in Waat region; SSDF

Ginye, Gabriel Tang commander who split from SSDF after 1998; from north-east Upper Nile area; contributed to burning of villages and displacement of peoples

Godana, Bonaya Kenyan foreign minister, headed IGAD

Guer, Deng led SSDF militia; defected to the SPLA

Hassan al-Turabi Leader of the National Islamic Front, 1986

Igga, James Wani Third Deputy Chairman; designated to lead the governance issues in SPLM areas committee at the Rumbeck meeting in 2005

Ismail, Mustafa Osman Sudanese Foreign Minister

Juch, Teny and Timothy Taban Nuer area commanders in Akobo area; SSDF

Juuc, Timothy Taban Cdr; became a Brigadier in the regular army, led an attack on Akobo in February of 2005 as part of the SSLA

Kenyi, Martin Terensio American-educated military leader from Mahdi tribe; one of leaders of EDF – military commander

Kiir, Salva Successor of John Garang; SPLM member; First Vice President; deputy and military Chief of Staff

Kiplagat, Bethuel Ambassador from Kenya; observed the recent peace talks in Sudan along with Sumbeiywo

Kong, Gordon veteran under whom a Nasir group formed after a split in the SSDF in 1998 over power; deputy chief of staff for operations in SSDF Military High Command

Kuany, Benson leader of the Mobile Forces of the SSDF

Lagu, Joseph elected head of SSLM in 1971

Luc, John former judge; played critical role in establishment of SSLM, also part of SPLM/A

Mabior, Thomas burned villages and displaced thousands of villagers; from the northern Jongelei area; commander, split from SSDF

Makuei, Kawach signed Khartoum Agreement on behalf of SSIG; senior member of the SPLM/A

Malwal, Joseph minister in the national government; led dominant section of UDSF

Manis, Omar Bashir Mohamed vacant [Ambassador to the UN]

Matiep, Paulino leader of the SSDF; created SSUM

Mashar, Riek Nuer, former Garang lieutenant; led rebel factions that agreed to sign a series of agreements with the government in 1997; head of SPLM/A-United when the party split in 1991

Moi, James leading SPLM member and chairman of the high committee for reception of the delegation (IGAD peace talks)

Mum, Thon/Tom Dinka commander, militia leader of SSDF; defected to local SPLA

Nafie, Nafie Ali Minister of Federal Affairs

Nhial, Nhial Deng senior official and governor of the SPLA region of Bahr El Ghazal, headed Khartoum delegation of Sudan Peace Talks

Nimeiri, Gaafar Muhammad President 1971-85, in 1983 wants to enforce Islamic law more severely in penal code, establishes decisive justice courts, and contributes to the resuming of civil war in Sudan

Ochieng, Theopholis doctor and politician, one of leaders of EDF since 1980s

Riak, Kelia leader of the Bor Group

Sahnoun, Mohamed UN Secretary General’s Special Advisor

Sule, Peter head of the United Democratic Front, a break-away faction of the SSDF

Sumbeiywo, Lazaro General; Army Commander for the Gov’t of Kenya; key actor in the Machakos talks

Taban, Timothy senior military commander of the SSLM

Taha, Ali Osman Muhamad Vice President of Sudan (First Vice during the peace talks)

Taha, Mahmud Muhammad Sufi shaykh, founded the Republican Brothers in the 1950s as an Islamic reform movement

Tang, Gabriel Nuer area commander in north-east Upper Nile region; SSDF

Terensio, Martin overall commander of SSDF forces in Equatoria

Tibi, Peter Reverend; deputy secretary general of the New Sudan Council of Churches

El-Turabi, Hassan head of the Popular National Congress Party; jailed by former colleagues for the past few years

Wanagi, James leading member of the SPLM/A from Equatoria; represents one wing of the Fertit

Wani, Kelement leader of the Mundari Forces; former officer of Anyanya I and member of National Congress Party, advisor to SSDF, and deputy chairman of Southern Coordinating Council

ETC.

Abyei Boundary Commission Set up July 14, 2005 to try and settle the North-South border dispute

Addis Ababa Agreement Signed 1972; guaranteed autonomy for the southern region of Sudan

Anyanya rebel movement; signed Addis Ababa Agreement 1972

Bor Group one of the signatories to the Khartoum Agreement

Darfur region located in western area of Sudan, near the border of Chad

DUP-SPLM Agreement 1988 (Nov) implemented by Sadiq, commitment to ending southern civil war

IGAD-Partners Forum meetings of donor countries and organizations are held to support the IGAD peace process and assist in regional organization to enhance capacity

Jalaba term for northerners

Jellaba Arab Northerners

Jingaweit/Janjaweed Sudanese government army/militia of Arabized black African Muslims to control rebel movements of black non-Arab Africans

Juba Capital city of southern Sudanese region

Khartoum Capital city of Sudan

Kober Prison political detainees held here were released in 1985

Koka Dam Declaration March 1986, demands repeal of sharia, desires Sudan free from racism and sectarianism

Libyan/Egyptian Joint Initiative on the Sudan called for the establishment of an interim government, powersharing, constitutional reform, and new elections

Machakos Protocol July 2002, Sudanese government and SPLM/A agree on the role of state and religion, as well as southern Sudan self-determination

Nairobi Declaration on the Final Phase of Peace signed June 6, 2004, ending civil war

Naivasha Agreement

Nasir faction another name for the SPLM/A-United party after the SPLM/A split in 1991; headed by Riek Machar and Lam Akol

National Unity Day March 27, 1972 – when Addis Ababa Agreement is signed, unity for Southern Sudan

September Laws Nimeiri’s 1983 proclamation of sharia as the basis of Sudanese legal system and redivision of Southern Sudan into 3 old provinces

Sharia Islamic law

Shayk local tribal leader

Sudan Peace Act law H.R. 5531, signed October 7, 2002 in US House of Reps condemning human rights violations, calling for multilateralization of economic and diplomatic tools, seeking to find a comprehensive solution to the war

Torit faction another name for the SPLM/A mainstream party lead by Dr John Garang when the SPLM/A split in 1991

Wallis term for governors

Wealth Sharing Agreement part of the CPA, covers the division of oil and non-oil revenues, the management of the oil sector, the monetary authority and reconstruction of the South and other war-affected areas during pre-interim and interim periods

White Nile Ltd. Company in Block Ba; in Feb 2005 signed agreement with government of south Sudan to acquire 60% interest in Block Ba